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Base Oil

Almost every lubricant used in plants today started off as just a base oil. The American Petroleum Institute (API) has categorized base oils into five categories. The first three groups are refined from petroleum crude oil. Group IV base oils are full synthetic (polyalphaolefin) oils. Group V is for all other base oils not included in Groups I through IV. Before all the additives are added to the mixture, lubricating oils begin as one or more of these five API groups.

Group I
Group I base oils are classified as less than 90 percent saturates, greater than 0.03 percent sulfur and with a viscosity-index range of 80 to 120. The temperature range for these oils is from 32 to 150 degrees F. Group I base oils are solvent-refined, which is a simpler refining process. This is why they are the cheapest base oils on the market.

Group II
Group II base oils are defined as being more than 90 percent saturates, less than 0.03 percent sulfur and with a viscosity index of 80 to 120. They are often manufactured by hydrocracking, which is a more complex process than what is used for Group I base oils. Since all the hydrocarbon molecules of these oils are saturated, Group II base oils have better antioxidation properties. They also have a clearer color and cost more in comparison to Group I base oils. Still, Group II base oils are becoming very common on the market today and are priced very close to Group I oils.

Group III
Group III base oils are greater than 90 percent saturates, less than 0.03 percent sulfur and have a viscosity index above 120. These oils are refined even more than Group II base oils and generally are severely hydrocracked (higher pressure and heat). This longer process is designed to achieve a purer base oil. Although made from crude oil, Group III base oils are sometimes described as synthesized hydrocarbons. Like Group II base oils, these oils are also becoming more prevalent.

Group IV
Group IV base oils are polyalphaolefins (PAOs). These synthetic base oils are made through a process called synthesizing. They have a much broader temperature range and are great for use in extreme cold conditions and high heat applications.

Group V
Group V base oils are classified as all other base oils, including silicone, phosphate ester, polyalkylene glycol (PAG), polyolester, biolubes, etc. These base oils are at times mixed with other base stocks to enhance the oils properties. An example would be a PAO-based compressor oil that is mixed with a polyolester. Esters are common Group V base oils used in different lubricant formulations to improve the properties of the existing base oil. Ester oils can take more abuse at higher temperatures and will provide superior detergency compared to a PAO synthetic base oil, which in turn increases the hours of use.

Remember, whichever base oil you choose, just be sure it is appropriate for the application, temperature range and conditions in your plant.

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Air Conditioning Systems

MULTI GROUP affiliated Termosyst Gulf International LLC, has in-depth experience in optimizing of heating processes and professional construction of heating ventilating air-conditioning and industrial refrigeratory installations. The company's subject activities are: design, mounting of heating, ventilating, air-conditioning and refrigerating installations, installation for solar, geothermal and waste heating energy, optimizing of heating processes.


In the company are engaged diploma engineers, mastered in: HVAC, Refrigeratory Techniques and Automatic Regulation.


The project activity is performed by highly qualified technical/commercial experts, using the most contemporary methods and technologies of designing, in accordance with all the present working norms and standards.


For your site we can design, deliver and install not only the well-known traditional systems of heating, air conditioning and ventilation, which require thermal centre, chilling centre and a central air-processing system, but the latest high products such as VRV systems with central building control system. Leading criteria of our developments are: energy saving solutions, comfort at maintenance and exploitation, guaranteed quality.
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Fertilizer (Urea)

Any natural or manufactured material, which contains at least 5% of one or more of the three primary nutrients (N, P2O5, K2O) can be called fertilizer. Industrially manufactured fertilizers are called mineral fertilizer. There are organic fertilizers and inorganic fertilizers. The organic fertilizers are made of enriched organic matter of plants and animals and inorganic nitrogenous fertilizers are synthesized chemically.

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Bitumen

Bitumen is produced from selected crude oils through a process of fractional distillation. The crude oil is heated to temperatures of between 300 and 350 degrees Celsius and fed into a distillation column allowing the lightest fractions of the crude to separate, through vaporization, from the heavier fractions, which remain liquid.


The higher boiling point fractions are then drawn-off via a heat exchanger and enter a vacuum distillation column. This process produces a "short residue" that is used to manufacture several grades of bitumen. The pressure and temperature conditions within the vacuum process will determine the hardness of the short residue, and as such the grade of bitumen produced. The short residue may be further modified by 'air blowing' in which air is passed through the residue at temperatures of 250 - 300 degrees Celsius.











Bitumen Penetration Grades:
Asphalt/Bitumen is a sticky, black and highly viscous liquid or semi-solid that is present in most crude petroleum and in some natural deposits sometimes termed asphalt.


Cutback MC&RC:
Cutback MC is a medium curing (MC) cut-back asphalt consisting of penetration grade asphalt cement and diluent or cutter of medium volatility.


Oxidized (Blown) Bitumen:
Oxidized Bitumen grades are blown or oxidized bitumen which are produced by passing air through soft bitumen under controlled temperature conditions.


Bitumen (Asphalt) Emulsion:
Asphalt emulsion is a combination of three basic ingredients, asphalt, water, and small amount of an emulsifying agent.


Gilsonite:
Natural hydrocarbon, high in Asphaltenes and also has nitrogen compounds, and fully compatible with bituminous pavement materials.


Fuel Oil:
is a lighter type of oil, or a liquid byproduct of crude oil, which is used for energy, especially in regard to heating.






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