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Packaging Details : Flexitank and 200 Litre Steel Drums
Delivery Time : 21-30 days
Base Oil is the name given to lubrication grade oils initially produced from refining crude oil (mineral base oil) or through chemical synthesis (synthetic base oil). Base oil is typically defined as oil with a boiling point range between 550 and 1050 F, consisting of hydrocarbons with 18 to 40 carbon atoms. This oil can be either paraffinic or napthenic in nature depending on the chemical structure of the molecules.
Almost every lubricant used in plants today started off as just a base oil. The American Petroleum Institute (API) has categorized base oils into five categories (API 1509, Appendix E). The first three groups are refined from petroleum crude oil. Group IV base oils are full synthetic (polyalphaolefin) oils. Group V is for all other base oils not included in Groups I through IV. Before all the additives are added to the mixture, lubricating oils begin as one or more of these five API groups.
Group Ibase oils are classified as less than 90 percent saturates, greater than 0.03 percent sulfur and with a viscosity-index range of 80 to 120. The temperature range for these oils is from 32 to 150 degrees F. Group I base oils are solvent-refined, which is a simpler refining process. This is why they are the cheapest base oils on the market.
Group IIbase oils are defined as being more than 90 percent saturates, less than 0.03 percent sulfur and with a viscosity index of 80 to 120. They are often manufactured by hydrocracking, which is a more complex process than what is used for Group I base oils. Since all the hydrocarbon molecules of these oils are saturated, Group II base oils have better antioxidation properties. They also have a clearer color and cost more in comparison to Group I base oils. Still, Group II base oils are becoming very common on the market today and are priced very close to Group I oils.
Group IIIbase oils are greater than 90 percent saturates, less than 0.03 percent sulfur and have a viscosity index above 120. These oils are refined even more than Group II base oils and generally are severely hydrocracked (higher pressure and heat). This longer process is designed to achieve a purer base oil. Although made from crude oil, Group III base oils are sometimes described as synthesized hydrocarbons. Like Group II base oils, these oils are also becoming more prevalent.
Group IVbase oils are polyalphaolefins (PAOs). These synthetic base oils are made through a process called synthesizing. They have a much broader temperature range and are great for use in extreme cold conditions and high heat applications.
Group Vbase oils are classified as all other base oils, including silicone, phosphate ester, polyalkylene glycol (PAG), polyolester, biolubes, etc. These base oils are at times mixed with other base stocks to enhance the oils properties. An example would be a PAO-based compressor oil that is mixed with a polyolester. Esters are common Group V base oils used in different lubricant formulations to improve the properties of the existing base oil. Ester oils can take more abuse at higher temperatures and will provide superior detergency compared to a PAO synthetic base oil, which in turn increases the hours of use.
| GroupⅠ | GroupⅡ | GroupⅢ | Ultra-S 4,6,8 | GroupⅣ | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Saturates, % | 65~85 | 93~99+ | 95~99+ | 99+ | 99+ |
| Aromatics, % | 15~35 | <1~7 | <1~5 | <1 | <1 |
| Sulfur, ppm | 300~3000 | 5~300 | 0~30 | <1 | n/a |
| Viscosity @ 100℃, cSt | 4~32 | 4~30 | 4~8 | 4.0~7.6 | 4~70 |
| Viscosity Index(VI) | 95~105 | 95~118 | 123~150 | 120~135 | 125~150 |
| Pour point, ℃ | -15 | -15 | -15 | -22.5 ~ -15 | -45 |
| Characteristic | Units | SN-150 | SN-500 | Bright Stock | Test Method |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kinematic viscosity at 100°C | cSt | 4.4 - 5.6 | 9.7 - 12.0 | min. 28 | ASTM D-445 |
| Kinematic viscosity at 40°C | cSt | 28 - 32 | 90 - 105 | - | ASTM D-445 |
| Viscosity index (VI) | - | 95 - 100 | 95 - 100 | min. 95 | ASTM D-2270 |
| Flash Point | °C | min. 195 | min. 210 | min. 276 | ASTM D-92 |
| Sulphur Content | %Wt | 0.15 - 0.60 | 0.15 - 0.60 | 0.15 - 0.60 | ASTM D-2622 |
| Pour Point | °C | max. -6 | max. -6 | max. -9 | ASTM D-97 |
| Density @ 15°C | Kg/L | 0.870 - 0.890 | 0.885 - 0.895 | 0.900 - 0.910 | ASTM D-1298 |
| Color | - | max. 2 | max. 2 | max. 2 | ASTM D-1500 |
| TAN | mg KOH/g | max. 0.05 | max. 0.05 | max. 0.05 | ASTM D-664 |
| Carbon Residue Content | %Wt | 0.04 | 0.12 | 0.21 | ASTM D-189 |
| Characteristic | Units | N-150 | N-500 | Test Method |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kinematic viscosity at 100°C | cSt | 5.0-5.6 | 10.0-12.0 | ASTM D-445 |
| Kinematic viscosity at 40°C | cSt | 28-32 | 95-107 | ASTM D-445 |
| Viscosity index (VI) | - | 95-110 | 95-110 | ASTM D-2270 |
| Flash Point | °C | min. 210 | min. 230 | ASTM D-92 |
| Sulphur Content | %Wt | max. 0.012 | max. 0.012 | ASTM D-2622 |
| Pour Point | °C | max. -12 | max. -12 | ASTM D-97 |
| Characteristic | Units | 4cSt | 6cSt | 8cSt | Test Method |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kinematic viscosity at 100°C | cSt | 4.1 - 4.4 | 5.7 - 6.5 | 7.6 - 8.2 | ASTM D-445 |
| Kinematic viscosity at 40°C | cSt | 19.0 - 20.0 | 32.0 - 37.0 | 43.8 - 50.1 | ASTM D-445 |
| Viscosity index (VI) | - | min. 120 | min. 120 | min. 120 | ASTM D-2270 |
| Flash Point | °C | min. 220 | min. 220 | min. 220 | ASTM D-92 |
| Sulphur Content | %Wt | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | ASTM D-2622 |
| Pour Point | °C | max. -12 | max. -12 | max. -12 | ASTM D-97 |
The fertilizers outlined here are compound fertilizers composed of primary fertilizers and secondary nutrients. These represent only one type of fertilizer, and other single nutrient types are also made. The raw materials, in solid form, can be supplied to fertilizer manufacturers in bulk quantities of thousands of tons, drum quantities, or in metal drums and bag containers.
Primary fertilizers include substances derived from nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. Various raw materials are used to produce these compounds. When ammonia is used as the nitrogen source in a fertilizer, one method of synthetic production requires the use of natural gas and air. The phosphorus component is made using sulfur, coal, and phosphate rock. The potassium source comes from potassium chloride, a primary component of potash.
Secondary nutrients are added to some fertilizers to help make them more effective. Calcium is obtained from limestone, which contains calcium carbonate, calcium sulphate, and calcium magnesium carbonate. The magnesium source in fertilizers is derived from dolomite. Sulfur is another material that is mined and added to fertilizers. Other mined materials include iron from ferrous sulfate, copper, and molybdenum from molybdenum oxide.
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