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Base Oil is the name given to the lubrication grade of oils initially produced from refining crude oil (mineral base oil) or through chemical synthesis (synthetic base oil). Base Oils normally make up 70% to 99% of the lubricant's formulation.
According to the American Petroleum Institute (API), base oils fall into five main groups. This breakdown is based on the refining method and the base oils properties in terms of, among other things, viscosity and the proportion of saturates and sulphur content. Group I, the least refined type, consists of conventional paraffinic base oils. Groups II and III also include paraffinic base oils, although these are purer because of better process technology. Group IV consists of synthetic oils, while Group V includes, among others, naphthenic oils.
The term grease is used to describe semisolid lubricants. Although the word grease is also used to describe lubrication. Grease is that they possess a high initial viscosity, which upon the application of shear, drops to give the effect of an oil-lubricated bearing of approximately the same viscosity as the base oil used in the grease.
Greases are applied to mechanisms that can only be lubricated infrequently and where a lubricating oil would not stay in position. They also act as sealants to prevent ingress of water and incompressible materials. Grease lubricated bearings have greater frictional characteristics due to their high viscosity.
Furnace oil is a dark viscous residual fuel obtained by blending mainly heavier components from the crude distillation unit, short residue and clarified oil from fluidized catalytic cracker unit. These types of oils enhance combustion for melting furnaces to ensure best results in the factories.
This dark, viscous residual fuel oil is obtained by blending residual products from various refining processes with suitable diluents. Usually, middle distillates are used to obtain the required fuel oil grades.
